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    <ns1:identifier>o:1397</ns1:identifier>
    <ns1:title language="sr">Испитивање прогностичке вредности експресије металопротеиназа матрикса 2 и 9 код болесника са планоцелуларним карциномом гркљана</ns1:title>
    <ns2:alt_title language="sr">Investigation of the prognostic value of matrix 2 and 9 metalloproteinase expression in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma : doctoral dissertation</ns2:alt_title>
    <ns1:language>sr</ns1:language>
    <ns1:description language="sr">Maligni tumori larinksa čine 1-2% svih malignih tumora u humanoj populaciji.
Planocelularni karcinom larinksa je češći u muškoj, nego u ženskoj populaciji, 
javljajući se obično između pete i sedme decenije života. Najznačajniji etiološki 
faktori za karcinom larinksa su pušenje duvana, konzumacija alkoholnih pića, 
gastroezofagealni refluks, infekcije HPV virusom, aerozagađenje, ishrana siromašna 
voćem i povrćem. Prognoza laringealnog karcinoma zavisi od regionalne zahvaćenosti 
malignom bolešću, odnosno stadijuma bolesti, koji se određuje na osnovu TNM (Tumour 
Node Metastasis) klasifikacije. Vreme preživljavanja se značajno smanjuje razvojem i 
širenjem bolesti (lokoregionalne ili udaljene metastaze). Poslednjih godina, 
istraživanja na molekularnom nivou otkrila su mnoge mehanizme onkogeneze. Ekspresija 
specifičnih tumor markera je povezana sa razvojem bolesti i biološkim ponašanjem 
karcinoma larinksa. Identifikacija prognostičke vrednosti nekih tumor markera bila 
bi od velike pomoći u odabiru terapijskog modaliteta, koji je od krucijalnog značaja za 
prognozu bolesti. Matriks metaloproteinaze (MMP) su familija od 23 endopeptidaze, 
strukturno vrlo slične proteolitičkim enzimima koji imaju sposobnost razgradnje 
komponenti ekstracelularnog matriksa. Stoga, MMP igraju važnu ulogu u progresiji i 
metastaziranju kancera. Povišene nivoe MMP se mogu detektovati u tumorskom tkivu i 
serumu pacijenata sa uznapredovalim karcinomom. MMP se mogu podeliti u šest 
subgrupa. MMP-2 i MMP-9 imaju sposobnost da unište kolagen tip IV, koji čini važnu 
komponentu bazalne membrane. Ovo je ključni momenat, koji je neophodan za tumorski rast 
i metastaziranje. Neki publikovani radovi su pokazali da MMP-2 i MMP-9 mogu igrati 
važnu ulogu u progresiji planocelularnog karcinoma regije glave i vrata. 
Identifikacija pacijenata sa visokim rizikom za razvoj maligniteta, prisustvo 
naknadnog lokoregionalnog recidiva, kao i postojanje regionalnih metastaza veoma su 
važni za prognozu bolesti, kao i za izbor najboljeg načina lečenja. Cilj ovog istraživanja 
je bio da proceni klinički značaj MMP-2 i MMP-9 ekspresije u tkivnim uzorcima 
planocelularnog karcinoma larinksa, poredeći glotični i subglotični subregion.
U istraživanje je bilo uključeno ukupno 140 bolesnika, od toga 70 sa patohistološki 
verifikovanim planocelularnim karcinomom larinksa i 70 sa hroničnim laringitisom. 
Ispitanici sa karcinomom larinksa su razvrstani po grupama u odnosu na: lokalizaciju 
tumora u larinksu (supraglotična, glotična); TNM stadijuma bolesti (T1/T2, T3/T4, N0
odnosno N+, M0 odnosno M+); stadijum bolesti (I, II, III i IV); stepen diferentovanosti 
ćelija tumora (dobro, umereno, slabo); načina ćelijskog rasta (vegetantni, 
infiltrativni, mešoviti); razvoj lokoregionalnog recidiva (sa ili bez recidiva 
bolesti); prisustva perineuralne invazije (sa ili bez perineuralne invazije); prisustva 
limfovaskularne invazije (sa ili bez limfovaskularne invazije); petogodišnje 
preživljavanje (sa ili bez petogodišnjeg preživljavanja). Pacijenti sa karcinomom 
larinksa su dijagnostikovani, lečeni i praćeni u periodu od minimum 5 godina, između 
2010. i 2017. u Klinici za otorinolaringologiju. Kontrolnu grupu su činili pacijenti 
kod kojih je, u istom periodu, dijagnostikovan i lečen hronični laringitis. 
Patohistološka verifikacija tumora larinksa i imunohistohemijske analize vršene su 
u Institutu za patologiju, od strane istih, iskusnih patologa. Kriterijum za 
uključivanje u studiju su bili patohistološki verifikovani planocelularni karcinomi 
larinksa i patohistološki verifikovane hronične promene u laringealnoj sluznici. 
Kriterijumi za isključenje iz studije su bila druga maligna oboljenja, prethodno 
sprovedena zračna ili polihemioterapija ili već ranije izvršeno hirurško uklanjanje 
tumora. Zatim, sistemske bolesti sa zahvatanjem larinksa, benigni pseudotumori 
larinksa.
Prosečna starost pacijenata je bila 59,41 (±7,1), sa rasponom od 40 do 79 godina. Bilo je 
60 (85,7%) muškaraca i 10 (14,3%) žena. Karcinom glotične regije bio je zastupljen kod 
45 (64,3%) pacijenata, prosečne starosti 59,7 (±6,8) godina, a supraglotičnog regiona kod 
25 (35,7%) pacijenta, prosečne starosti 58,8% (±7,7). Većina pacijenata sa glotičnim 
karcinomom bili su u T1/T2 stadijumu bolesti, dok je većina pacijenta sa 
supraglotičnim karcinomom bila u T3/T4 stadijumu. Nije otkrivena značajna razlika u 
petogodišnjem preživljavanju između pacijenata sa glotičnim i supraglotičnim 
karcinomom. Rezultati su pokazali značajnu višu MMP-2 i MMP-9 ekspresiju i u 
epitelu i u stromi tkivnih uzoraka karcinoma larinksa oba subregiona u poređenju sa 
pacijentima koji su imali hronični laringitis.
Rad je pokazao da nivo ekspresije epitelijalne MMP-2 nije u korelaciji sa T, N ili 
kliničkim stadijumom bolesti i petogodišnjim preživljavanjem. Kod supraglotičnih 
karcinoma, MMP-2 je bila u korelaciji sa prisustvom perineuralne i limfovaskularne 
invazije. Uočena je i povezanost između epitelijalne MMP-2 ekspresije i pojave 
lokalnog recidiva karcinoma supraglotične lokalizacije. Takođe, nađena je negativna 
korelacija između histološkog stadijuma supraglotičnog karcinoma i nivoa ekspresije 
MMP-2. Što se tiče tumorskog rasta, otkrivena je statistička značajnost. MMP-2 
ćelijska ekspresija je u direktoj korelaciji sa vegetativnim tumorskim rastom glotičnih 
karcinoma.
Istraživanje nije otkrilo povezanost između epitelijalne MMP-9 ekspresije i nekih 
kliničkopatoloških karakteristika (T stadijum, N stadijum, klinički ili histološki 
stadijum) niti korelaciju sa DFI i petogodišnjim preživljavanjem. Epitelijalna MMP-9 
ekspresija je u značajnoj korelaciji sa prisustvom limfovaskularne invazije i sa 
vegetantnim načinom rasta glotičnih tumora. Kod pacijenata sa karcinomom 
supraglotične lokalizacije, nisu nađeni slične relacije. Nije detektovana statistički 
značajna korelacija između ekspresije MMP-9 u epitelijalnim ćelijama i perineuralnom 
invazijom kod karcinoma larinksa.
Ovo istraživanje je pokazalo visoku ekspresiju MMP-2 i MMP-9 i u epitelu i stromi 
pacijenata sa planocelularnim karcinomom u poređenju sa pacijentima sa hroničnim 
laringitisom. Naši rezultati ukazuju da bi MMP-2 ekspresija mogla poslužiti kao 
potencijalni parametar za otkrivanje pacijenata sa supraglotičnim karcinomom 
larinksa, koji su u visokom riziku za razvoj perineuralne i limfovaskularne invazije, 
odnosno razvoj lokalnog recidiva bolesti. MMP-9 ekspresija bi mogla biti prediktor 
vegetantnog načina tumorskog rasta i prisustva limfovaskularne invazije u karcinomu 
glotične sublokalizacije.
</ns1:description>
    <ns1:description language="en">Laryngeal malignant tumours consist about 1-2% of all malignant tumours in human population. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is more common in male than in female population, occuring usually between the fifth and seventh decade of life. The most important etiological factors for LSCC are tobacco smoking, consumption of alcoholic drinks, gastroesophageal reflux, 
human papilloma virus (HPV) infections, air pollution, a diet low in fruits and 
vegetables. Prognosis of LSCC depends on the regional involvement of malignant disease, actual 
stage of disease, which can be determined by Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) 
classification. Survival is significantly reduced due to the cancer development and spread of 
disease (local or regional recurrence and of distant metastasis occurrence). In recent years, 
molecular investigations have discovered many mechanisms of oncogenesis in malignant 
tumours. Expression of the specific tumour markers is associated with disease development and 
biological behavior of laryngeal carcinoma. Prognostic value identification of some tumour 
markers would be of great help in selecting treatment modalities, which is of crucial significance for prognosis of disease.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are family of 23 endopeptidases, structurally very similar proteolytic enzymes which have ability to degrade extracellular matrix components. Thus, MMPs play important role in tumour progression and metastasis. Elevated levels of MMPs can be detected in tumour tissue and serum of patients with advanced cancer. MMPs can be divided into 6 subgroups. MMP-2 and MMP-9 have ability to destroy the type IV collagen, which is a very 
important component of basement membrane. This is a key moment, which is necessary for tumour growth and distant metastasis. Some published papers showed that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may play important roles in progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Identification of patients with high risk for tumour development, the presence of subsequent locoregional tumour recurrence, as well as the existence of regional metastases are very important for prognosis of disease, as well as for the choose the best treatment modality. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the clinical significance of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in tissue samples of patients with LSCC, comparing glottic and supraglottic region of larynx.
This study included a total of 140 patients, 70 with histologically verified LSCC and 70 with chronic laryngitis. Patients with malignant tumour were divided into groups with respect to: 
localization in larynx (supraglottic, glottic); TNM stage of disease (Т1/Т2, Т3/Т4, N0, N+, M0, M+); disease stage (I, II, II, IV); degree of tumour differentiation (good, moderate, poor); type of tumour growth (infiltrative, exophytic, mixed); development of loco-regional recurrence (with or 
without disease recurrence); the presence of perineural invasion (with or without of perineural 
invasion); lymphovascular invasion (with or without lymphovascular invasion) and 5-year 
survival (with or without 5-year survival). The patients diagnosed, treated and followed-up for a 
period of minimum 5 years between 2010 and 2017 for LSCC in Department of 
Otorhinolaryngology. The control group consisted of patients diagnosed and treated for chronic 
laryngitis in the same period. Pathological and immunohistochemical analyses of tissue 
specimens were performed at the Institute for Pathology by the same experienced pathologist. 
Criteria for inclusion in the study were histologically verified LSCC and histologically verified 
chronic inflammatory changes in laryngeal mucosa. Criteria for exclusion from the study were 
other malignant diseases, previous radiotherapy or chemotherapy, previously performed surgical
treatment of laryngeal tumour. Then, systemic diseases affecting the larynx, laryngeal benign 
pseudotumours.
The mean patients’ age was 59.41 (±7.1) years, range from 40–79 years. There were 60 (85.7%) 
male and 10 (14.3%) female patients. There were 45 (64.3%) patients with glottic SCC, mean age 
59.7 (±6.8) years and 25 (35.7%) with supraglottic SCC, the mean age of 58.8 (±7.7). The 
majority of patients with glottic SCC were in T1/T2 stage, whereas the majority of supraglottic 
SCC patients were in T3/T4 stage. There is no significant difference regarding the 5-year survival 
between glottic and supraglottic SCC. Results revealed significantly higher MMP-2 and MMP-9 
expression in both epithelium and stromal tissue specimens of patients with glottic and 
supraglottic SCC in comparison to patients with chronic laryngitis.
Study showed that epithelial MMP-2 expression is not in correlation with T, N or clinical stage 
and 5-year survival. In supraglottic SCC, the MMP-2 epithelial expression was in correlation 
with the presence of perineural and lymphovascular invasion. It was noticed a correlation 
between the epithelial MMP-2 expression and local recurrences of the primary supraglottic 
cancer. Also, a negative significant correlation was recorded between the MMP-2 epithelial 
expression and histological stage in supraglottic SCC. According to the tumor growth pattern, it 
was demonstrated a statistical significance. The MMP-2 tumor cell expression was in correlation 
with the presence of exophytic type of tumour growth in glottic SCC. The present study revealed 
no correlation between the epithelial MMP-9 expression and some clinicopathological 
characteristics (T stage, N stage, clinical or histological stage) nor the correlation with diseasefree interval and 5-year survival. Epithelial MMP-9 expression significantly correlates with the 
presence of lymphovascular invasion and with the presence of exophytic type of the tumor 
growth in glottic SCC. In patients with supraglottic localization of SCC, there were no similar 
relationships. It was found no statistical relationship between the expression of MMP-9 in 
epithelial cells and perineural invasion in the laryngeal SCC.
This study demonstrated higher expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in both epithelium and stroma 
of patients with LSCC in comparison to patients with chronic laryngitis. The results suggest that 
MMP-2 expression can serve as a potential parameter for detection of patients with supraglottic 
SCC who are at high risk for perineural and lymphovascular invasion and developing disease 
recurrence. MMP-9 expression can be a strong predictor for the presence of exophytic type of 
tumour growth, as well as for the presence of lymphovascular invasion in glottic SCC.
</ns1:description>
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        <ns3:firstname> Dejan, , 53276937</ns3:firstname>
        <ns3:lastname>Rašić</ns3:lastname>
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        <ns3:firstname> Aleksandar, 1971-, 7634535</ns3:firstname>
        <ns3:lastname>Perić</ns3:lastname>
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        <ns3:firstname> Jasmina, 1969-, 9683559</ns3:firstname>
        <ns3:lastname>Stojanović</ns3:lastname>
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        <ns3:firstname> Jelena, 1974-, 9284711</ns3:firstname>
        <ns3:lastname>Sotirović</ns3:lastname>
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        <ns3:firstname> Biserka, 1968-, 10934119</ns3:firstname>
        <ns3:lastname>Vukomanović Đurđević</ns3:lastname>
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      <ns1:date>2021</ns1:date>
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    <ns7:keyword language="sr" seq="1">Larinks; Planocelularni karcinom; Imunohistohemija; Matriks metaloproteinaze; Biomarkeri</ns7:keyword>
    <ns7:keyword language="sr" seq="1">Larynx; Squamous cell carcinoma; Immunohistochemistry; Matrix metalloproteinases; Biomarkers</ns7:keyword>
    <ns7:keyword language="sr" seq="1">616.22-006.6(043.3)</ns7:keyword>
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